ar- / Indo-European roots

Examples of words with the root ar-: adorn, alarm, anarthrous, aristocracy, arithmetic, arm, armadillo, armillary sphere, armoire, army, art, arthro-, article, artiodactyl, artisan, artist, coarctate, coordination, diarthrosis, disarm, dread, dysarthria, enarthrosis, exordium, harmony, hatred, inert, inordinate, kindred, logarithm.

ar-

To fit together.

Oldest form *h₂erh₁-, colored to *h₂arh₁-, with variant *h₂reh₁-, becoming *rē-.

▲ Derivatives include army, harmony, inert, aristocracy, adorn, hatred, rite, arithmetic, rhyme.

I. Basic form *arə.

1. Suffixed form ar(ə)-mo-. a. arm¹ from Old English earm, arm, from Germanic *armaz; b. ambry, arm², armada, armadillo, armature, armoire, army; alarm, disarm, gendarme from Latin arma, tools, arms; c. armillary sphere from Latin armus, upper arm.

2. Suffixed form *ar(ə)-smo-. harmony from Greek harmos, joint, shoulder.

3. Suffixed form *ar(ə)-ti-. a. art¹, artisan, artist; inert, inertia from Latin ars (stem art-), art, skill, craft; b. further suffixed form *ar(ə)-ti-o-. artiodactyl from Greek artios, fitting, even.

4. Suffixed form *ar(ə)-tu-. article from Latin artus, joint.

5. Suffixed form *ar(ə)-to-. coarctate from Latin artus, tight.

6. Suffixed form *ar(ə)-dhro-. arthro-; anarthrous, diarthrosis, dysarthria, enarthrosis, synarthrosis from Greek arthron, joint.

7. Suffixed (superlative) form *ar(ə)-isto-. aristocracy from Greek aristos, best.

II. Possibly suffixed lengthened o-grade form (or separate root) *ōrə-dh-.

1. ordain, order, ordinal, ordinance, ordinary, ordinate, ordo; coordination, inordinate, subordinate from Latin ōrdō, order (originally a row of threads in a loom).

2. exordium, primordial from Latin ōrdīrī, to begin to weave.

3. ornament, ornate; adorn, suborn from Latin ōrnāre, to adorn.

III. Variant *rē- (< earlier *h₂reh₁-).

1. rate¹, ratio, ration, reason; arraign from Latin rērī, to consider, confirm, ratify.

2. Suffixed form *rē-dh-. a. (i) read, rede; dread from Old English rǣdan, to advise; (ii) hatred, kindred from Old English rǣden, -rǣden, condition. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *rēdan; b. (i) rathskeller from Old High German rāt, counsel; (ii) riddle² from Old English rǣdels(e), opinion, riddle. Both (i) and (ii) from Germanic *rēdaz..

3. Zero-grade form *rə-. Germanic *radam, number, in dialectal North and West Germanic compound *hund(a)-rada- (see dekm̥)

IV. Variant root form *h₂reh₁i-, with zero-grades *h₂rh₁i- and (metathesized) *h₂rih₁-, the latter contracted to *rī-.

1. Suffixed metathesized zero-grade form *rī-tu-. rite from Latin rītus, rite, custom, usage.

2. Suffixed unmetathesized zero-grade form *ərəi-dhmo-. arithmetic, logarithm from Greek arithmos, number, amount.

3. rhyme from a Germanic source akin to Old High German rīm, number, series.

[Pokorny 1. ar- 55.]

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